Distant Galaxies

Galaxy cluster known as Abell 2744. The multinational project “Frontiers Fields” analyzed this area and found very interesting information, especially regarding the age and remoteness of the galaxies that comprise it.

To reach our telescopes, the light from this galaxy has traveled for around 13 billion years. This information is fundamental, because it means that we see Abell2744 as it was approximately 650 million years after the Big Bang. Which means that the observation of this galaxy can help us understand what the Universe was like in its first million years of existence.

The discovery was achieved thanks to the joint work of scientists from two Spanish institutions: the University of La Laguna (ULL), in Tenerife, and the Institute of Astrophysics of the Canary Islands (IAC).

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OJOS AL ESPACIO

Sin duda la misión espacial más esperada no solo de 2024, sino del último medio siglo, será la Artemisa 2, que llevará a cuatro astronautas de la NASA —incluyendo una mujer y un hombre afroamericano— a sobrevolar la Luna, en el primer retorno tripulado al satélite terrestre desde el Apolo 17 en 1972. Será también la primera excursión del ser humano más allá de la órbita baja terrestre desde la cancelación del programa Apolo. La misión será el siguiente paso a la Artemisa 1, que en 2022 llevó una cápsula Orión sin tripulación a la órbita lunar. La NASA mantiene el objetivo de lanzar la misión en noviembre de 2024; sin embargo, analistas del sector sugieren que podría retrasarse si los daños sufridos por el escudo térmico de la Orión durante la Artemisa 1 obligaran a un rediseño sustancial.

Futuras misiones que deberán llevar de nuevo a los humanos al suelo lunar podrían también retrasarse respecto a los planes actuales dependiendo del progreso de las naves Starship de la compañía SpaceX del magnate Elon Musk, ya que Artemisa 3 utilizará una versión de esta nave para el alunizaje. Pero los dos intentos de vuelo orbital de la Starship en 2023 fracasaron, por lo que habrá que esperar los resultados de un nuevo lanzamiento anunciado para el primer trimestre de 2024. También en el campo de los operadores privados, la nave New Glenn de Blue Origin del magnate Jeff Bezos debería debutar por fin en la órbita terrestre.

Por lo demás, en el año que comienza no faltará actividad en el espacio. Aparte de Artemisa 2, la Luna será un objetivo preferente: varias sondas de la NASA, de las agencias espaciales de China y Japón y de compañías privadas tienen como meta nuestro satélite. Entre las misiones a otros destinos destaca la Europa Clipper de la NASA, con despegue previsto para el 10 de octubre y que orbitará en torno a Júpiter para estudiar su luna Europa, uno de los mundos más prometedores del Sistema Solar para la posible existencia de vida.

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Despite technical setbacks concerning key tokamak components, construction of the world's largest fusion experiment machine, the ITER Tokamak, continues in the department of Bouches-du-Rhone in southern France.

ITER stands for International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, and tokamak is a magnetic confinement device being developed to produce controlled thermonuclear fusion power.

"We are in the process of recovery from the issues in vacuum vessel sectors (dimensional non-conformities) and thermal shields (stress corrosion cracks in cooling pipes). We are on a good track," ITER Director General Pietro Barabaschi told Xinhua in a recent interview.

SETBACKS WILL BE OVERCOME

In the assembly building adjacent to the tokamak complex, work on the massive components of the ITER device continues in parallel with repair work that started in July.

In this vast workshop, where components are prepared before they are transported to the tokamak pit for installation, the faulty components already installed are being lifted out to be disassembled in order to prepare them for repairs.

"These technical setbacks are not fundamental. They are issues that will be overcome. It's not unusual but actually quite normal to have some setbacks in a project of this kind," Barabaschi said.

The 58-year-old Italian, who joined the ITER team in 1993 and began his tenure as director general of the ITER Organization in October 2022, stressed that "ITER is an extremely challenging project."

Conceived as the last experimental step to prove the feasibility of fusion as a large-scale and carbon-free source of energy based on the same principle that powers the Sun and the stars, ITER is designed to be the world's largest tokamak, with ten times the plasma volume of the largest tokamak operating today.

Three conditions must be fulfilled to achieve fusion in a laboratory: very high temperature (on the order of 150,000,000 degrees Celsius); sufficient plasma particle density (to increase the likelihood that collisions do occur); and sufficient confinement time (to hold the plasma, which has a propensity to expand, within a defined volume).

MANY RISKS AHEAD

The ITER Tokamak will weigh 23,000 tonnes, equal to three Eiffel Towers. The vacuum vessel alone, with its ports, blanket and diverter, weighs 8,000 tonnes. Approximately one million components will be integrated into this complex machine.

Also called the world's largest "artificial Sun," the ITER project has been a decades-long collaboration of its seven members -- China, the European Union, India, Japan, South Korea, Russia and the United States.

"A lot of key components have been delivered. Very important elements that are needed to start up the machine are available," Barabaschi said. "We are well ahead of half of the marathon. We have the finishing line in sight."

"It's not simply a marathon where you know the path and you want to keep up the pace with sustained motivation and determination," he explained. "It's navigation and exploration, which means we venture into an adventure, with many, many risks ahead."

ITER's previous target was to create the plasma by 2025. The duration and cost of the ongoing repairs cannot, at this stage, be precisely estimated. According to the director general, the situation will become clear by mid-2024 as his organization is preparing a new cost and schedule baseline for approval by council meeting at that time.

NOT JUST ITER

The electro-mechanical engineer who has dedicated virtually his entire career to fusion research believes that ITER will remain as the center of the growth of a fusion industry as global enthusiasm about the development of fusion energy reaches an all-time high.

"In the future of fusion, essentially driven by power intensity considerations, reactors will have to be relatively large, the size of ITER or maybe even larger," Barabaschi explained. "Only ITER can provide the experience of tokamak or a complex research infrastructure for future fusion of this size."

He welcomed the increase in public and private investment in fusion. "Fusion is not just ITER. Many others joining the fusion race is always good news. The more the merrier."

"ITER will remain as the center of the seven members' fusion research program. Then, the rest, particularly the investment from the private sector, we should cooperate with them to achieve our objective in the most effective way," he said.

KEY ROLE OF MATERIAL

Barabaschi also highlighted the key role material development plays in the success of fusion. "We can develop plasma, get the fire started, maybe tame the fire and make sure that it produces energy. But then we will need the materials that can take the energy of this fire," he said.

"An energy-producing fusion reactor would need very strong materials that can withstand the radiation coming from the plasma. If we don't take care of that, this exploration will not be leading to the final objective," Barabaschi said. ■

This photo taken on Nov. 23, 2023 shows the assembly building on the construction site of the ITER Tokamak, the world's largest fusion experiment machine, in Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France. (Xinhua/Gao Jing)

This photo taken on Nov. 24, 2023 shows the assembly building on the construction site of the ITER Tokamak, the world's largest fusion experiment machine, in Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France. (Xinhua/Gao Jing)

A vast device is seen at a preassembly hall of the world's largest fusion experiment machine, the ITER Tokamak, in St Paul-Lez-Durance, France, Nov. 23, 2023. (Xinhua/Gao Jing)

Technicians check faulty vacuum vessel sectors in the vast preassembly hall on the construction site of the ITER Tokamak in St Paul-Lez-Durance, southern France, Nov. 23, 2023. (Xinhua/Gao Jing)

Technicians check faulty vacuum vessel sectors in the vast preassembly hall on the construction site of the ITER Tokamak in St Paul-Lez-Durance, southern France, Nov. 23, 2023. (Xinhua/Gao Jing)

People work at a preassembly hall of the world's largest fusion experiment machine, the ITER Tokamak, in St Paul-Lez-Durance, France, Nov. 23, 2023. (Xinhua/Gao Jing)

Technicians check faulty vacuum vessel sectors in the vast preassembly hall on the construction site of the ITER Tokamak in St Paul-Lez-Durance, southern France, Nov. 24, 2023. (Xinhua/Gao Jing)

This photo taken on Nov. 23, 2023 shows the assembly building on the construction site of the ITER Tokamak, the world's largest fusion experiment machine, in Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France. (Xinhua/Gao Jing)

This photo taken on Nov. 23, 2023 shows the tokamak pit on the construction site of the ITER Tokamak in St Paul-Lez-Durance, southern France. (Xinhua/Gao Jing)

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The world's largest iceberg is on the move for the first time in more than three decades, scientists said on Friday. 

At almost 4,000 square km (1,500 square miles), the Antarctic iceberg called A23a is roughly three times the size of New York City. 

Since calving off West Antarctica's Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf in 1986, the iceberg — which once hosted a Soviet research station — has largely been stranded after its base became stuck on the floor of the Weddell Sea. 

Not anymore. Recent satellite images reveal that the berg, weighing nearly a trillion metric tonnes, is now drifting quickly past the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, aided by strong winds and currents. 

It's rare to see an iceberg of this size on the move, said British Antarctic Survey glaciologist Oliver Marsh, so scientists will be watching its trajectory closely. 

As it gains steam, the colossal berg will likely be launched into the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. This will funnel it toward the Southern Ocean on a path known as "iceberg alley" where others of its kind can be found bobbing in dark waters. 

Why the berg is making a run for it now remains to be seen. 

"Over time it's probably just thinned slightly and got that little bit of extra buoyancy that's allowed it to lift off the ocean floor and get pushed by ocean currents," said Marsh. A23a is also among the world's oldest icebergs. 

It's possible A23a could again become grounded at South Georgia island. That would pose a problem for Antarctica's wildlife. Millions of seals, penguins, and seabirds breed on the island and forage in the surrounding waters. Behemoth A23a could cut off such access.

In 2020, another giant iceberg, A68, stirred fears that it would collide with South Georgia, crushing marine life on the sea floor and cutting off food access. Such a catastrophe was ultimately averted when the iceberg broke up into smaller chunks — a possible end game for A23a as well.

But "an iceberg of this scale has the potential to survive for quite a long time in the Southern Ocean, even though it's much warmer, and it could make its way farther north up toward South Africa where it can disrupt shipping," said Marsh. 

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